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Kathoey or katoey : กะเทย; : Kathoei is a woman or an gay male in. A significant number of perceive kathoeys as belonging to a , including many kathoeys themselves, while others see them as either a kind of man or a kind of woman. Transgender women in Thailand mostly use terms other than Kathoey when referring to themselves. The word kathoey is of origin. As well as trans individuals, the term can refer to , and was originally used to refer to individuals. Before the 1960s, the use of kathoey included anyone who deviated from the dominant and sexual norms. Kathoey became an iconic symbol of modern Thai culture. The term can refer to males who exhibit varying degrees of femininity. Others may wear makeup and use feminine , , and are closer to the Western category of gay man than transgender. Buddhists view kathoeys as the marking of an individual who is born with a disability as a direct consequence for their past sins. Main article: In 1965, Hopkins Hospital became the first institution to perform gender reassignment surgery GRS. Now, popular cities such as Bangkok, Thailand, are performing two to three gender operations per week, more than 3,500 GRSs over the past thirty years. With the massive increase in GRSs, there has also been an increase in prerequisites, measures that must be taken in order to be eligible for the operation. Patients must be at least 18 years old and permission from parents if under 20 years old. One must provide evidence of diagnosis of gender from a psychologist or psychiatrist. Patients must have a note from the psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. Two months prior to the surgery, patients are required to see a psychiatrist in Thailand to confirm eligibility for sex reassignment surgery. Several popular Thai models, singers and movie stars are kathoeys, and Thai newspapers often print of the winners of female and kathoey beauty contests side by side. The phenomenon is not restricted to urban areas; there are kathoeys in most villages, and kathoey beauty contests are commonly held as part of local fairs. Using the notion of , some Thai believe that being a kathoey is the result of transgressions in , concluding that kathoey deserve pity rather than blame. A common stereotype is that older, well-off kathoey to with whom they are in a personal relationship. Kathoeys currently face many social and legal impediments. Families and especially fathers are typically disappointed if a child becomes a kathoey, and kathoeys often have to face the prospect of. However, kathoey generally have greater acceptance in Thailand than most other Asian countries. Legal recognition of kathoeys and transgender individuals is non-existent in Thailand: even if trans people have had genital reassignment surgery, they are not allowed to change their legal sex. Discrimination in employment also remains rampant. Problems can also arise in regards to access to amenities and gender allocation; for example, a kathoey and a transgender person who has undergone would still have to stay in an all-male prison. Representation in cinema Kathoeys began to gain prominence in the during the late 1980s. The depiction at first was negative by showing kathoeys suffering from bad karma, suicide, and abandoned by straight lovers. Independent and experimental films contributed to defying sexual norms in queer cinema in the 1990s. The 2000 film , directed by , depicted a positive portrayal of an almost entirely kathoey volleyball team by displaying their confidence. The rising middle-class in Bangkok and vernacular queer culture made the mainstream portrayal of kathoeys more popular on television and in art-house cinema. Miss Tiffany's Universe Feminine beauty in Thailand allowed transgender individuals to have their own platform where they are able to challenge stereotypes and claim cultural recognition. Beginning in 1998, the pageant takes place every year in Pattaya, Thailand during May. With over 100 applicants, the pageant is considered to be one of the most popular transgender pageants in the world. Through beauty pageants, Thailand has been able to promote the country's cosmetic surgery industry, which has had a massive increase in for. According to the Miss Tiffany's Universe website, the live broadcast attracts record of 15 million viewers. The assistant manager director, Alisa Phanthusak, stated that the pageant wants kathoeys to be visible and to treat them as normal. It is the biggest annual event in. Transgender beauty contests are found in the countryside at village fairs or festivals. All-male revues are common in gay bars in and as drag shows in the tourist resort of. Kathoey working in a go-go bar in 's entertainment area In 1993, Thailand's teacher training colleges implemented a semi-formal ban on allowing homosexual which included kathoey students enrolling in courses leading to qualification for positions in kindergartens and primary schools. In January 1997, the the governing body of the colleges announced it would formalize the ban, which would extend to all campuses at the start of the 1997 academic year. The ban was quietly rescinded later in the year, following the replacement of the Minister of Education. In 1996, a volleyball team composed mostly of gays and kathoeys, known as The Iron Ladies : สตรีเหล็ก, satree lek , later , won the Thai national championship. The Thai government, concerned with the country's image, barred two of the kathoeys from joining the national team and competing internationally. Among the most famous kathoeys in Thailand is , a former champion who emerged into the public eye in 1998. She would present in a feminine manner and had commenced hormone therapy while still a popular boxer; she would enter the ring with long hair and makeup, occasionally kissing a defeated opponent. She announced her retirement from professional boxing in 1999 — undergoing genital reassignment surgery, while continuing to work as a coach, and taking up acting and modeling. She returned to boxing in 2006. In 2004, the Chiang Mai Technology School allocated a separate restroom for kathoeys, with an intertwined male and female symbol on the door. The 15 kathoey students are required to wear male clothing at school but are allowed to sport feminine hairdos. The restroom features four stalls, but no urinals. Following the , kathoeys are hoping for a new third sex to be added to passports and other official documents in a proposed new constitution. In 2007, legislative efforts have begun to allow kathoeys to change their legal sex if they have undergone genital reassignment surgery; this latter restriction was controversially discussed in the community. It is estimated that as many as six in every thousand individuals assigned as male at birth later present themselves as transwomen or phu-ying kham-phet. Activism Thai activists have mobilized for over two decades to secure sexual diversity rights. Beauty pageant winner , known as Nok, founded the Trans Female Association of Thailand on the basis of changing sex-designation on identification cards for post-operative transsexual women. Nok promoted the term phuying kham-phet instead of kathoey but was controversial because of its connotation with gender identity disease. The goal of the Thai Transgender Alliance is to de-list from international psychological diagnostic criteria and uses the term kathoey to advocate for transgender identity. In January 2006, the Thai Network of People Living With had their offices raided after demonstrations against Thai-US foreign trade agreements. Under the Thai Constitution of 1997, the right to be free of discrimination based on health conditions helped to minimize the stigma against communities living with. In most cases, governments and their agencies fail to protect transgender people against these exclusions. Transprejudice has produced discriminatory behaviors that have led to the exclusion of transgender people from economic and social activity. Worldwide, transgender people face discrimination amongst family members, religious settings, education, and the workplace. Accepted mainly in fashion-related jobs or show business, individuals who identify as transgender are discriminated in the job market and have limited job oppurtonities. Kathoeys have also experienced ridicule from coworkers and tend to have lower salaries. Harassment from the police is evident especially for kathoeys who work on the streets. Kathoeys may be rejected in official contexts being rejected entry or services. Based on a study by participants that identified as a girl or kathoey at an early age were more likely to be exposed to or violence from men in the family. Kathoeys are more subjected to sexual attack from men than are homosexuals. The organization advocated wider public understanding of same-sex sexuality based on the transnational language of human rights. Social spaces are often limited for kathoeys even if Thai society does not actively persecute them. Indigenous cultural traditions have given a social space for gender-diverse individuals of Thailand. In January 2015, Thailand announced it would recognize the third gender in its constitution in order to ensure all genders be treated equally under the law. Privacy issues Identity cards are particularly important in Thailand. The vast majority of trans people in the country were unable to change their documents at all, and those who are able to were held to rather severe standards. IDs facilitate many daily activities such as interface with businesses, bureaucratic agencies i. The requirement facilitated by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights that does not offer transgender people the opportunity to change their personal documentation remains as a threat to privacy for the trans community in Thailand. There is no question that the country's rigid bureaucratic rules are still adjusting to incorporate transgender rights. Military draft Transgender individuals were automatically exempted from compulsory military service in Thailand. These mental disorders were required to appear on their military service documents, which are accessible to future employers. In 2006, the National Human Rights Commission NHRC of Thailand overturned the use of discriminatory phraseology in Thailand's military service exemption documents. The first all kathoey music group in Thailand was formed in 2006. It is named and was selected and promoted by Music Entertainment. Marre aimed to portray the life of two teenage kathoeys living in the rural part of Thailand, as they strived to land a job at a cabaret revue located in the popular city known as. Thai kathoey style and fashion has largely borrowed from Korean pop culture. The magazine achieved national popularity because of its bizarre and often queer content. The heterosexual public became more inclined to read about new transgender communities that were previously given negative press in Thai newspapers. Following contestants participating in one of the largest beauty pageants, known as , the film not only illustrates the process and competitiveness that takes place during the beauty pageant, but also highlights the systems of oppression that take place to target the transgender community in Thailand. Research and discussion paper: Language and identity in transgender: gender wars and the case of the Thai kathoey. Paper presented at the Hawaii conference on Social Sciences, Waikiki, June 2003. International Journal of Transgenderism. Male Homosexuality in Thailand; An Interpretation of Contemporary Thai Sources. Elmhurst NY: Global Academic Publishers. First Queer Voices from Thailand: Uncle Go's Advice Columns for Gays, Lesbians and Kathoeys. Hong Kong: Hong Kong U Press, 2016. Queer Bangkok: Twenty-first Century Markets, Media, and Rights. Sexuality Research and Social Policy. Retrieved 23 March 2018. International Journal of Transgenderism. The Third Sex: Kathoey: Thailand's Ladyboys. Archived from on 13 April 2001. Retrieved 22 March 2015. See also Céline Grünhagen: Transgender in Thailand: Buddhist Perspectives and the Socio-Political Status of Kathoeys. In: Gerhard Schreiber ed. Findings, Controversies, and Perspectives. De Gruyter, Berlin and Boston 2016, pp. Queer Bangkok: twenty-first-century markets, media, and rights. Aberdeen, Hong Kong: Hong Kong U Press, 2011. Queer Bangkok: twenty-first-century markets, media, and rights. Associated Newspapers, 13 January 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2015. Queer Bangkok: twenty-first-century markets, media, and rights. Aberdeen, Hong Kong: Hong Kong U Press, 2011. Queer Bangkok: twenty-first-century markets, media, and rights. Aberdeen, Hong Kong: Hong Kong U Press, 2011. Aberdeen, Hong Kong: Hong Kong U Press, 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018. Queer Bangkok: twenty-first-century markets, media, and rights. Aberdeen, Hong Kong: Hong Kong U Press, 2011. Associated Newspapers, 5 April 2017. The Lady Boys of Bangkok. Wikimedia Commons has media related to. Look up in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Criticizes the common view that kathoey are fully accepted by Thai society. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. Description of the gay and kathoey scene of Thailand. Describes the story of Nong Tum.
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